In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on competetiveness of rapeseed with weed, an expriment was carried out in 2008 at Marvdasht, Naghshe Rostam in Fars. The expriment was conducted in factorial arrangement on the base of RCBD with 3 replications. The treatments were a combination of 4 planting densities (50, 80, 110 and 140 plant/m2) and the amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer as the suggested rate, (330 kg/ha), 30% more than the suggested rate (430 kg/ha), and 30% less than the suggested rate (230 kg/ha). The results showed that the grain yield, pod number per plant, the thousand seed weight, total number of weeds and weeds dry weight were affected with density but just weeds dry weight was affected by nitrogen fertilizer. Results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained in density of 110 plant/m2 and the use of 330 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer, the highest pod number per plant was in density of 50 plant/m2 and the use of 430 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer, the highest thousand seed weight was in density of 110 plant/m2, the highest number of weeds was in density of 50 plant/m2 and the highest weeds dry weight obtained was in density of 50 plant/m2.

In order to evaluation of relation between weed dynamic and utilization of nitrogen in weed as influence of integrated fertilizer management in different weed densities, a field experiment was carried out in experimental farm of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran university of ahvaz at 2011-2012 growing season. Experimental design was based on a split-plot with three replications .Main plot was 5 integrated fertilizer managements and sub plot was 3 weed densities. Our results showed that the treatment 75% chemical fertilizer whit Biological fertilizer in lower weed density had the highest weed density and dry weight. Narrow leaf and broad leaf weeds was dominant species in 100% chemical fertilizer and 100% biological fertilizer Treatments, respective. Also, weed diversely was reduced by reduction. So, Treatment 100% biological fertilizer had the highest weed density nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency was increased by reduction of nitrogen chemical fertilizer. In addition, all nitrogen useefficiency. Indices were more affected by nitrogen chemical fertilizer, than weed density. Based on our results, increasing dependence to biological fertilizer, will reduce is the compatibility of wheat plant, in early growth period, which caused increasing in density and decreasing of weed at the wheat growth period.

Background and Objectives: Nowadays, due to the increase in the population and the change in people's dietary patterns, the consumption of vegetable oils is increasing. Among the oil plants, Castor (Ricinus communis L.) due to drought, relative resistance to salinity as well as fast and easy growth can be a good choice for producing high oil percentage and according to the effect of optimal plant nutrition in achieving proper yield, this research was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of the type of plant residues and integrated fertilizer management on yield and yield components of castor.Materials and methods: An experiment was carried out in the form of one-time split plots in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks in 3 replications in the crop year 2021-2022 in Andimshek city, located in the north of Khuzestan. Experimental treatments include the use of plant residues (without residues (control), rapeseed residues, wheat residues and corn residues) as the main plot and the type of fertilizer management that includes (completely chemical ((60)K (75)P (90)N), Organic (mixture of compost and vermicompost + Fertilizer 2 + supernitroplus + humic acid), Combined 1 (chemical base fertilizer + fertilizer 2 + supernitroplus + humic acid) and Consolidated 2 (compost and vermicompost mixture base fertilizer + Fertilizer 2 + supernitroplus + humic acid + urea vinegar) as a secondary plot in consideration. were taken. The studied traits included plant height, inflorescence height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and oil percentage.Results: The results showed that the use of plant residues (corn, wheat and canola) and organic and integrated fertilizer 2 resulted in the highest number of seeds per plant, harvest index and oil percentage. So, with the use of organic fertilizer and wheat and corn residues, the highest harvest index was obtained. With the positive effect of combined fertilizer 2 on the percentage of oil, it can be stated that combined fertilizer 2 and corn residues have led to an increase in the quality of the castor plant. So that the grain yield had the highest correlation with the weight of 1000 seeds. Removal of plant residues caused a significant decrease in oil percentage (reduction in quality). But on the other hand, the application of plant residues had the least effect on yield and yield components. Conclusion: In general, the use of only chemical fertilizers led to an increase in yield and yield components of castor plant. In the event that organic fertilizer and corn residues led to a decrease in yield and yield components. In this study, chemical fertilizer treatment is the most successful in yield and yield components, and organic fertilizer and corn and wheat residues are the most successful in castor seed quality.

In order to investigate the role of Bacillus cogulans on yield of two forage corn cultivars, an experiment carried out at Agricultural Research Center of Tehran Province during 2009-2010. The experiment design consisted of three randomized complete blocks in a factorial arrangement. Investigated treatments consisted of the kind of phosphorus and cultivar. The phosphorus factor included of the application of triple super phosphate fertilizer and without seed inoculation, without fertilizer and without seed inoculation (control), seed inoculation and 100% P recommended, seed inoculation and 75% P recommended, seed inoculation and 50% P recommended, seed inoculation without fertilizer and cultivar factor included of S. C. 704 and 647. The application of 75% fertilizer and seed inoculation had the highest amount in the most of investigated characteristics. As regards forage quality, seed inoculation with %75 fertilizer showed the highest dry matter digestibility, crude protein and Water Soluble Carbohydrates, too. The present finding showed that phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms can improve crop yield.

Background and Objectives: In recent years, much attention has been paid to the quality aspects of soil and increasing crop production using crop residues, green manures and other organic fertilizers as sources of soil organic matter and plant nutrients. Crop residues can improve soil quality properties as well as improve soil plowing capacity by replacing or providing nutrients in the soil. The term bio-fertilizers does not refer exclusively to organic matter obtained from animal manures, plant residues and green manure, but bacteria and fungi, especially bacteria that stimulate plant growth and materials derived from their activities are among the most important bio-fertilizers. Therefore, the aims of this study was to investigate the effect of sesame residue management practices and the integrated of chemical and biological fertilizers on wheat yield. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in two seasons (summer for sesame and autumn for wheat) during 2018-19 in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Statistical analysis was a split plot design based on RCB with three replications. The main plot including 3 residue managements (e. g. removal, burn and incorporate). Sub-plots including 4 fertilizer managements that were: 1. chemical fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium,2-Combination of vermin-compost fertilizer + potassium sulfate (before planting), super nitro-plus fertilizer + fertile fertilizer 2 (as seed treated) at planting time, humixcin organic fertilizer (foliar application) and one third of nitrogen fertilizer split,3-(Combined 2): compost fertilizer + potassium sulfate (before planting), super nitro-plus fertilizer + fertile fertilizer 2 (as seed treated) at planting time and one third of nitrogen fertilizer split,4-(Combined 3): Farm yard manure + potassium sulfate (before planting), Super nitro-plus fertilizer as seed treated, organic humixcin fertilizer (foliar application) and one third of nitrogen fertilizer split. Yield and yield components was selected and calculated from a surface equivalent to 2 m2. To determine the weight of the first internode (peduncle) from the pollination stage to maturity, the first internode was sampled with an interval of 10 days and placed in the oven to determine the dry weight. The most important indicators for calculating dry matter transfer efficiency were calculated. Results: Differences between levels of crop residue management, fertilizer management and their interaction in terms of yield components, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, nitrogen and grain protein, remobilization rate, remobilization efficiency, remobilization share, current photosynthesis rate, Current photosynthesis efficiency, share of current photosynthesis, grain formation rate and biological yield were statistically at 1% probability level. The highest grain yield was observed in treatment of removal of residues and chemical fertilizers (4. 45 t ha-1) and the removal of residues and fertilizers (1) (4. 29 t ha-1) and the lowest was recorded in treatment of incorporated residues and fertilizers (2) (2. 33 t ha-1). The highest grain yield formation rate was observed in the treatment of residue and chemical fertilizer removal (24. 72 kg ha-1 day-1) and removal of residues and compound fertilizer (1) (23. 86 kg ha-1 day-1). The lowest grain yield formation rate was obtained in the treatment of residue and integrated fertilizer (2) (12. 85 kg ha-1 day-1). The highest rate, efficiency and contribution of photosynthesis were obtained in the removal of debris and the use of synthetic fertilizer (1) and the lowest was obtained in the incineration of waste and the use of synthetic fertilizer (3). Conclusion: The results showed that treatments based on intensive agriculture (removal of crop residues and completely chemical management) have produced the highest grain yield. While treatments based on sustainable agriculture (Incorporated of crop residues with organic and biological fertilizers) with the highest percentage of grain protein, in fact have produced the highest product quality. On the other hand, although in Khuzestan province there is water shortage and drought stress in most cropping seasons, but according to the results obtained by incorporated crop residues, chemical fertilizers and integrated fertilizers, can increased plant growth, quality of crop production and reserve moisture in the soil and ultimately the stability of the system.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the integrated fertilizer management of forage chicorycv.Grassland Puna as affected by harvest time and cutting frequency in spring sowing conditions in Mashhad, Iran.A field experiment was conducted with three replications, at research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2006 and 2007. In 2006, application of different fertilizers (10 ton manure ha-1, 20 ton manure ha-1, 30 ton manure ha-1, chemical NPK fertilizer (125, 75 and 100 kg of urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulfate ha-1, respectively), 10 ton manure ha-1+chemical NPK fertilizer, 20 ton manure ha-1+chemical NPK fertilizer and control (no manure or chemical fertilizer)) were assigned to main plots and three harvest time (06 August, 19 August, 02 September) randomized in sub plots. In 2007, above mentioned fertilizer treatments, three harvest time (20 April, 08 May and 20 May) and two cutting in 50-60% flowering stage (after harvest and due to plant re-growth) considered as main plots, sub-plots and sub-sub plots, respectively. Experimental data was analyzed as split plot design in the first year (there was no frequent cutting) and collected data were analyzed as split-split plot design in time in the second year. Results revealed that, in the first and second years, highest dry matter (forage) yield was observed in the third harvest. In the first and second years, dry matter yield on third harvest (2707.1 and 4399.5 kg.ha-1, respectively) increased by 81 and 19 %, as compared to the first harvest (1496.8 and 3702.9 kgha-1, respectively), respectively. Based on results dry matter yield in the first cutting (5886.7 kgha-1) was significantly higher as compared to second cutting (2365.1 kg.ha-1). It can be concluded that in the semi-arid region of Iran, organic manure or integrated management of chemical and organic fertilizers can effectively contribute to increasing nutrient uptake and forage yield of chicorycv. Grassland Puna.